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syllabus for
PRELIMINARY AND FINAL EXAMINATION OF
all
india
pmt/pdt entrance
examination 2010
physics
Unit : 1
Introduction and Measurement
What is Physics? Scope and excitement; Physics in relation to
science, society and technology; Need for measurement of
physical quantities, units for measurement, systems of units-SI :
fundamental and derived units. Dimensions of physical
quantities. Dimensional
analysis and its applications. Orders of magnitude, Accuracy and
errors in measurement – random and instrumental errors, Significant
figures and rounding off the numbers.
Graphs, Trigonometric functions, Concepts of differentiation
and integration.
Unit : 2
Description of Motion in One Dimension
Objects in motion in one dimension, Motion in straight line,
Uniform and non-uniform motion, its graphical representation and
formulae, speed and velocity, relative velocity, average speed and
instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time
graph, position-time graph and their formulae. Relations for
uniformly accelerated motion with examples. Acceleration in
one-dimensional motion.
Unit : 3
Description of Motion in Two and Three
Dimensions
Vectors and scalars quantities, vectors in two and three
dimensions, vector
addition and multiplication by a real number, null-vector and its
properties. Resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular
components. Scalar and vector products. Motion in two dimensions,
cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile
motion, general relation among position-velocity-acceleration for
motion in a plane and uniform circular motion. Motion of objects in
three dimensional space (elementary ideas).
Unit : 4 Laws
of Motion
Force and inertia, first law of motion. Momentum, second law
of motion, impulse, examples of different kinds of forces in nature.
Third law of motion, conservation of momentum, rocket propulsion.
Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic frictions, laws
of friction, rolling friction, lubrication, Inertial and
non-inertial frames (elementary ideas).
Unit : 5 Work,
Energy and Power
Work done by a constant force and by a variable force, unit
of work, energy and
power. Work Energy
Theorem. Elastic and
in-elastic collisions in one and two dimensions. Notions of potential energy,
conservation of mechanical energy : gravitational potential
energy, and its conversion to kinetic energy, potential energy of a
spring. Conservative forces.
Different forms of energy, mass-energy equivalence,
conservation of energy.
Unit : 6
Rotational Motion
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum
conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of rigid
body, general motion of a rigid body, nature of rotational motion,
rotational motion of a single particle in two dimensions only,
torque, angular momentum and its geometrical and physical meaning,
conservation of angular momentum, examples of circular motion (car
on a level circular road, car on banked road, pendulum swinging in a
vertical plane). Moment of inertia, its physical significance,
moment inertia of uniform bodies with simple geometrical shapes,
parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorem (statements only),
Comparison between translatory (linear) and rotational
motion.
Unit : 7
Gravitation
Acceleration due to gravity, one
and two dimensional motion under gravity. Universal law of
gravitation, inertial and gravitational mass, variations in the
acceleration due to gravity of the earth, statement of Kepler’s laws
of planetary motion, orbital velocity, geostationary satellites,
gravitational potential, gravitational potential energy near the
surface of earth,
escape velocity, weightlessness.
Unit : 8 Heat
and Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and temperature ( zeroth law of
thermodynamics). Heat,
work and internal energy. Specific heat, specific heat at constant
volume and constant pressure of ideal gas and relation between them.
First law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic state, equation of state
and isothermals, pressure-temperature phase diagram. Thermodynamic
processes (reversible, irreversible, isothermal, adiabatic). Carnot
cycle, second law of thermodynamics, efficiency of heat engines.
Entropy. Transfer of heat : conduction, convection and radiation.
Newton
’s law of
cooling.
Thermal conductivity.
Black body radiation, Wien’s law, Solar constant and surface
temperature of the sun, Stefan’s law,
Unit : 9
Oscillations
Periodic and oscillatory motions. Simple harmonic motion
(S.H.M.) and its equation of motion. Oscillations due to a spring,
kinetic energy and potential energy in S.H.M., Simple pendulum,
physical concepts of forced oscillations, resonance and damped
oscillations; Simple examples.
Unit : 10
Waves
Longitudinal and transverse waves and wave motion, speed of
progressive wave.
Principle of superposition of waves; reflection of waves,
harmonic waves (qualitative treatment only), standing waves. Normal modes and its
graphical representation. Beats, Doppler effect.
Unit : 11
Electrostatics
Frictional electricity, charges and their conservation, unit
of charge, Coulomb’s law, dielectric constant, electric field,
electric field due to a point charge, electric potential – its
physical meaning, potential due to a di-pole, di-pole field and
behaviour of dipole in a uniform (2-dimensional) electric field.
Flux, Statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find
electric field due to uniformly charged simple systems. Conductors
and insulators, presence of free charges and bound charges inside a
conductor, Capacitance
(parallel plate), Dielectric material and its effect on capacitance
(concept only), capacitances in series and parallel, energy of a
capacitor. Van de Graff
generator.
Unit : 12 Current
Electricity
Introduction (flow of current), sources of e.m.f., cells :
simple, secondary, chargeable, combinations of cells in series and
parallel. Electric current, resistance of different materials,
temperature dependence, thermistor, specific resistivity, colour
code for carbon resistors. Ohm’s law and its limitation. Superconductors (elementary
ideas). Kirchoff’s
laws, resistances in series and parallel, Wheatstone’s bridge,
measurement of resistance. Potentiometer – measurement of e.m.f. and
internal resistance of a cell.
Unit : 13 Thermal and
Chemical Effects of Currents
Electric power, heating effects of current and Joule’s law.
Thermoelectricity: Seebeck effect, measurement of temperature using
thermocouple. Chemical effects and Faraday’s laws of
electrolysis.
Unit : 14 Magnetic Effect
of Currents
Oersted’s observation, Biot-Savart’s law (magnetic field due
to an element of current), magnetic field due to a straight wire,
circular loop and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in a uniform
magnetic field (Lorentz force), cyclotron (simple idea), forces and
torques on currents in a magnetic field, forces between two
currents, definition of ampere, moving coil galvanometer, ammeter
and voltmeter. Conversion of galvanometer into
voltmeter/ammeter.
Unit : 15
Magnetism
Bar magnet (comparison with a solenoid), magnetic lines of
force, torque on a bar magnet in a magnetic field, earth’s magnetic
field as a bar magnet, tangent galvanometer, vibration magnetometer.
Para, dia and ferromagnetic
substances with examples (simple idea). Electromagnets and permanent
magnets.
Unit : 16 Electromagnetic
Induction and Alternating Currents
Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s Law,
induced emf, self and mutual inductance. Alternating current,
and voltage, impedance and reactance; A.C. circuits containing
inductance, capacitance and resistance; phase relationships, and
power in a.c. circuits, L.C oscillations. Electrical machines and
devices (transformer, induction coil, generator, simple motors,
choke and starter), eddy current.
Unit : 17 Electromagnetic
Waves (Qualitative Treatment)
Electromagnetic oscillations, brief history of
electromagnetic waves (Maxwell, Hertz, Bose, Marconi).
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio, micro-waves, infra-red, optical,
ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about
their uses, propagation of electromagnetic waves in
atmosphere.
Unit : 18 Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
Ray optics as a limiting case of wave optics. Phenomena
of reflection,
refraction, and total internal reflection. Optical fibre. Curved
mirrors, lenses; mirror and lens formulae. Dispersion by a prism.
Spectrometer. Absorption and emission spectra. Scattering and
formation of rainbow. Telescope (astronomical), microscope, their
magnifications and resolving powers.
Unit : 19 Electrons and
Photons
Discovery of electron, e/m for an electron, electrical
conduction in gases, photoelectric effect, particle nature of light,
Einstein’s photoelectric equation, photocells. Matter waves – wave nature
of particles, de-Broglie relation, Davison and Germer
experiment.
Unit : 20 Atoms, Molecules
and Nuclei
Rutherford model of the
atom, Bohr model, energy quantization. Hydrogen spectrum.
Composition of nucleus, atomic masses, binding energy per nucleon of
a nucleus, its variation with mass number, isotopes, size of
nucleus. Radioactivity
: properties of a, b and g rays. Mass energy relation,
nuclear fission and fusion.
Unit :
21
Solids and Semiconductor Devices
Crystal
structure-Unit cell;
single, poly and liquid crystals (concepts only). Energy bands in
solids, difference between conductors, insulators and
semi-conductors using band theory. Intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors,
p-n junction, semiconductor diodes, junction
transistor, diode as rectifier, solar cell, photo diode, LED, Zener
diode as a voltage regulator, transistor as an amplifier and
oscillator. Combination of gates. Elementary ideas about
IC.
CHEMISTRY
Unit : 1 Some
basic concepts in Chemistry
Importance of Chemistry, physical quantities and their
measurement in Chemistry, SI Units, uncertainty in measurements and
use of significant figures,
Unit and dimensional analysis, Matter and its nature, laws of
chemical combinations, atomic, and molecular, masses mole
concept, molar masses, percentage composition and molecular formula,
chemical stoichiometry.
Unit : 2
States of matter
Three states of matter, gaseous state, gas laws (Boyle’s Law
and Charles Law), Avogadro’s Law, Grahams’Law of diffusion, Dalton’s
law of partial pressure, ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of
gases, real gases and deviation from ideal behaviour, van der Waals’
equation, liquefaction of gases and critical points, Intermolecular
forces; liquids and
solids.
Unit : 3
Atomic structure
Earlier atomic models (Thomson’s and Rutherford) , emission
spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr’s model, of hydrogen atom,
Limitations of Bohr’s model, dual nature of matter and radiation,
Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum mechanical model of atom
(quantum designation of atomic orbitals and electron energy in terms
of principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers),
electronic spin and spin quantum numbers, Pauli’s exclusion
principle, general idea of screening (constants) of outer electrons
by inner electrons in an atom, Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule,
atomic orbitals and their pictorial representation, electronic
configurations of elements.
Unit : 4 Classification of elements and
periodicity in properties
Need and genesis of classification of elements (from
Doebereiner to Mendeleev), Modern periodic law and present form of
periodic table, Nomenclature of
elements with atomic number > 100, electronic
configurations of elements and periodic table, electronic
configuration and types of elements and s, p, d and f blocks,
periodic trends in properties of elements (atomic size, ionization
enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence/ oxidation states
and chemical reactivity).
Unit : 5 Chemical
energetics
Some
basic concepts in thermodynamics, first law of thermodynamics, heat capacity, measurement of
DU
and
DH,
calorimetry, standard enthalpy changes, thermochemical
equations, enthalpy changes during phase transformations, Hess’s
Law, standard enthalpies of formation, bond enthalpies and
calculations based on them.
Unit : 6 Chemical
bonding
Kossel -Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, ionic
bonds, covalent bonds, polarity of bonds and concept of
electronegativity, valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)
theory , shapes of simple molecules, valence bond theory,
hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of molecules s and
p bonds; Molecular orbital theory
involving homounclear diatomic molecules;
Hydrogen-bonding.
Unit : 7
Equilibrium
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic
equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant,
homogeneous equilibrium, heterogenous equilibrium, application
of equilibrium constants, Relationship between reaction
quotient Q, equilibrium constant, K and Gibbs’ energy G; factors
affecting equilibrium-Le Chateliar’s
principle.
Ionic equilibrium
Acids, Bases and Salts and their ionization, weak and strong
electrolytes degree of ionization and ionization constants, concept
of pH, ionic product of water, buffer solution, common ion effect,
solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products.
Unit : 8 Redox
reactions
Electronic concepts of reduction - oxidation, redox
reactions, oxidation number, balancing of redox
reactions.
Unit : 9 Solid
state Chemistry
Classification of solids based on different binding forces:
molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and
crystalline solids; unit cells in two dimensional and three
dimensional lattices, calculation of density of a unit cell, packing
in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit
cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic
properties.
Unit : 10 Chemical
thermodynamics
Spontaneous processes, energy and spontaneity , entropy and
second law of thermodynamics, concept of absolute entropy, Gibbs
energy and spontaneity, Gibbs energy change and equilibrium
constant.
Unit : 11
Solutions
Types of solutions, different units for expressing
concentration of solution, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and
mass both), definitions of dilute solutions, vapour pressure of
solutions and Raoult’s Law, Colligative properties, lowering of
vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling
points and osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal values of molecular
masses, van’t Hoff
factor. simple numerical problems.
Unit : 12 Chemical
kinetics
Rate of chemical reactions, factors, affecting rates of
reactions –concentration, temperature and
catalyst, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law and rate
constant, differential and integral forms of first order reaction,
half-life (only zero and first order) characteristics of first order
reaction, effect of temperature on reactions, Arrhenius theory -
activation energy, collision theory of reaction rate (no
derivation).
Unit : 13
Electrochemistry
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar
conductivity, variation of conductivity with
concentration, Kohlrausch’s law, electrolysis and laws of
electrolysis (elementary idea), electrolytic and galvanic cells,
emf. of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation,
concentration cell, fuel cells, cell potential and Gibbs energy, dry
cell and lead accumulator.
Unit : 14 Surface
chemistry
Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors
affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogeneous and
heterogeneous activity and selectivity, enzyme catalysis,
colloidal state, distinction between true solutions, colloids
and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic, multimolecular and
macromolecular colloids, properties of colloids, Tyndal effect,
Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsions - type of
emulsions.
Unit :15
Hydrogen
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes of hydrogen,
heavy water, hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions and
structures; hydrides and their classification.
Unit :16 s-Block Elements
(Alkali and Alkaline Earth metals):
Group 1 and Group 2 elements
Electronic configurations and
general trends in physical and chemical properties, anomalous
properties of the first element of each group, diagonal
relationship.
Preparation and properties of some important compounds,
sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate and
industrial uses of lime and limestone, biological significance of
Na, K, Mg and Ca.
Unit :17 General
principles and processes of isolation of elements
Principles and methods of extraction - concentration,
reduction, (chemical and electrolytic methods), and refining.
Occurrence and principles of extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and
Fe.
Unit :18 p-Block
Elements
Introduction to p-block elements
Electronic configurations and general trends in properties,
viz. atomic sizes, ionization enthalpies, electronegativity values,
electron gain enthalpies and oxidation states across the periods and
down the groups in the p-block.
Unique behaviour of the top element in each group of the
block - the covalency limit and
the pp - pp
overlap
in some molecules (e.g. N2,
O2) and its
consequences;
general trend in catenation tendency down each group.
Group-wise study of the p-block Elements
Group 13 - In addition to the general characteristics as
outlined above, properties and uses of aluminium,
nature of hydrides/ halides and oxides; Properties, structures and
uses of diborane boron halides, aluminium chloride, borax,
boric acid and alums.
Group 14 - In addition to the general characteristics; carbon
– catenation, allotropic forms (diamond and graphite), properties
and structures of oxides; silicon - silicon tetrachloride, and
structures and uses of silicates, silicones and zeolites.
Group 15 - In addition to the general characteristics, the
general trends in the nature and structures of hydrides, halides and
oxides of these elements. Preparation and properties of ammonia,
nitric acid, phosphine and halides of phosphorus, structures of the
oxoacids of phosphorus.
Group 16 - In addition to the general characteristics,
preparations, properties and uses of dioxygen, simple oxides, ozone;
sulphur - allotropic forms, compounds of sulphur, preparation,
properties and uses of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid,
industrial preparations of sulphuric acid, structures of oxoacids of
sulphur.
Group 17 - In addition to the general characteristics,
occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, oxides and
oxoacids of halogens (structures only), preparation, properties and
uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, trends in the acidic nature
of hydrogen halides. Interhalogen compounds (structures only).
Group 18 - General introduction, electronic configurations,
occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties and uses, -
fluorides and oxides of xenon (structures only).
Unit :19 The d-and f-Block
elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence
and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in
properties of the first row transition metals –physical properties,
ionization
enthalpy,
oxidation
states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic
property, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; preparations and properties of
K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Lanthanoids
- Electronic configuration and oxidation states, chemical
reactivity and lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation
states.
Unit :20
Coordination compounds
Introduction to ligands, coordination number, colour,
magnetic properties, and shapes; IUPAC - nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism , bonding-valence
bond approach to the bonding and basic ideas of Crystal Field Theory, colour and
magnetic properties.
Elementary ideas of metal - carbon bonds and organometallic
compounds, importance of co-ordination compounds (in
qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological
systems).
Unit :21 Some basic
principles of Organic Chemistry
- Tetravalence of carbon,
hybridization ( s and p ), shapes of simple molecules, functional
groups:-C=C-, -CC-and those
containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; homologous series,
isomerism.
- General introduction to
naming organic compounds-trivial names and IUPAC
nomenclature.
- Electronic displacement
in a covalent bond; inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance
and hyperconjugation.
Fission of covalent bond: free radicals, electrophiles and
nucleophiles, carbocations and carbonanions.
- Common types of organic
reactions: substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement
reactions.
Unit :22
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes and cycloalkanes : classification of hydrocarbons,
alkanes and cycloalkanes, nomenclature and conformations of alkanes and
cycloalkanes.
Alkenes and alkynes : Nomenclature and isomerism, general
methods of preparation, properties (physical and chemical),
mechanism of electrophilic addition, Markownikoff’s rule, peroxide
effect, acidic character of alkynes, polymerisation
reactions.
Aromatic hydrocarbons : Benzene and its homologues,
nomenclature, sources of aromatic hydrocarbons (coal and petroleum),
structure of benzene, chemical reaction of benzene-mechanism of
electrophilic substitution. Directive influence of substituents and
their effect on reactivity.
Petroleum and petrochemicals : Composition of crude oil fractionation and uses, quality of
gasoline, LPG, CNG, cracking and reforming, petrochemicals.
Unit :23 Purification and
characterization of carbon compounds
- Purification of carbon
compounds : filtration, crystallisation, sublimation, distillation
chromatography,
- Qualitative analysis :
detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and
halogens.
- Quantitative analysis :
estimation of different elements (H, N, halogens, S and
P)
- Determination of
molecular masses : Silver salt method, chloroplatinate salt method,
calculations of empirical and molecular
formulas.
Unit :24 Organic compounds
with functional groups containing halogens (X)
- Nature of C-X bond in
haloalkanes and haloarenes, nomenclature, physical and chemical
properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, reactivity of C-X
bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes.
- Some commercially
important compounds : dichloro, trichloro and tetrachloromethanes;
p-dichlorobenzene, freons, BHC, DDT, their uses and important
reactions.
Unit :25 Organic compounds
with functional groups containing oxygen
Alcohols and phenols : Nomenclature, methods of
preparation, physical and chemical properties; chemical reactivity
of phenols in electrophilic substitutions, acidic nature of
phenol, ethers:
electronic structure, structure of functional group, nomenclature,
important methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties,
some commercially important compounds.
Aldehydes and ketones : Electronic structure of carbonyl
group, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical
properties and chemical reactions, relative reactivity of
aldehydic and ketonic groups, acidity of a-hydrogen, aldol
condensation. Connizzarro reaction, nucleophilic addition reaction
to >C=O groups.
Carboxylic acids : Electronic structure of-COOH,
Nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties
and effect of substituents on a-carbon on acid strength, chemical
reactions.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids : Electronic structure of
acid chloride, acid anhydride, ester and amide groups, nomenclature,
important methods of preparation, comparative reactivity of acid
derivatives. Some commercially important
compounds.
Unit :26 Organic Compounds
with functional group containing nitrogen
- Structure, nomenclature of
nitro, amino, cyano and diazo compounds.
- Nitro compounds – important
methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical
reactions.
- Amines : primary, secondary
and tertiary amines, a general awareness, important methods of
preparation, physical properties, basic character of amines,
chemical reactions.
- Cyanides and isocyanides :
preparation, physical properties and chemical
reactions.
- Diazonium salts : Preparation,
chemical reaction and uses of benzene diazonium chloride. Some
commercially important nitrogen containg carbon compounds, (aniline,
TNT)
Unit :27
Polymers
Classification of polymers, general methods of
polymerization-addition and condensation: addition-free radical,
cationic, anionic polymerization, copolymerisation, natural rubber,
vulcanization of rubber, synthetic rubbers, condensation polymers,
idea of macromolecules, biodegradable
polymers.
Some commercially important polymers (PVC, teflon,
polystyrene, nylon-6 and 66, terylene and
bakelite).
Unit :28 Environmental
Chemistry
Environmental pollution – air, water and soil pollutions,
chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric
pollutants, acid-rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion
of ozone layer, green house effect and global warming – pollution
due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for
reducing pollution, strategy for controlling environmental
pollution.
Unit :29 Biomolecules
Carbohydrates : Classification, aldose and
ketose, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), oligosaccharides
(sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose,
glycogen); important simple chemical reactions of glucose,
elementary idea of structure of pentose and
hexose.
Proteins : Elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide
bond, polypeptides, proteins; primary, secondary and tertiary
structure of proteins and quaternary structure (gualitative idea
only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
Vitamins : Classification and
functions
Nucleic acids : Chemical composition of DNA and
RNA
Lipids : Classification and
structure
Hormones : Classification and functions in
biosystem.
Unit :30 Chemistry in
everyday life
- Chemicals in medicines
– analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials,
antifertility drugs, antacids, antihistamins.
- Chemicals in food –
preservativess, artificial sweetening agents.
- Cleansing agents –
soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
- Rocket propellants :
characteristics and chemicals used.
BIOLOGY (BOTANY
AND ZOOLOGY)
Unit : 1
Diversity in Living World
Biology – its meaning and relevance to
mankind
What is living; Taxonomic categories and aids (Botanical
gardens, herbaria, museums, zoological parks); Systematics and
Binomial system of nomenclature.
Introductory classification of living organisms (Two-kingdom
system, Five-kingdom
system); Major groups of each kingdom alongwith their salient
features (Monera, including Archaebacteria and Cyanobacteria,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia); Viruses; Lichens
Plant kingdom – Salient features of major groups (Algae to
Angiosperms);
Animal kingdom – Salient features of Nonchordates up to
phylum, and Chordates up to class
level.
Unit : 2 Cell
: The Unit of Life ; Structure and Function
Cell wall; Cell membrane; Endomembrane system (ER, Golgi
apparatus/Dictyosome, Lysosomes, Vacuoles); Mitochondria; Plastids;
Ribosomes; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella; Centrosome and
Centriole; Nucleus; Microbodies.
Structural differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic, and between
plant and animal cells. Cell cycle (various phases); Mitosis;
Meiosis.
Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates,
Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids.
Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of
action.
Unit : 3
Genetics and Evolution
Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene
interaction; Incomplete dominance; Co-dominance; Complementary
genes; Multiple alleles;
Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia
and blood groups in humans.
DNA –its organization and replication; Transcription and
Translation; Gene expression and regulation; DNA
fingerprinting.
Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern
Darwinism.
Unit : 4
Structure and Function – Plants
Morphology of a flowering plant; Tissues and tissue systems
in plants;
Anatomy and function of root, stem(including modifications),
leaf, inflorescence, flower (including position and arrangement of
different whorls, placentation), fruit and seed; Types of fruit;
Secondary growth;
Absorption and movement of water (including diffusion,
osmosis and water relations of cell) and of nutrients; Translocation
of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of stomatal
movement.
Mineral nutrition – Macro- and micro-nutrients in plants
including deficiency disorders; Biological nitrogen fixation
mechanism.
Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non-cyclic
photophosphorylation; Various pathways of carbon dioxide fixation;
Photorespiration; Limiting factors .
Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis,
TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy
relations.
Unit : 5
Structure and Function
- Animals
Tissues;
Elementary knowledge of morphology, anatomy and functions of
different systems of earthworm, cockroach and frog.
Human Physiology – Digestive system - organs,
digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs,
breathing and exchange and transport of gases. Body
fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double
circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary
artery diseases.
Excretion system – Urine formation, regulation of kidney
function
Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles,
types of movement.
Control and co-ordination – Central and peripheral nervous
systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory
reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of
hormone action.
Unit : 6
Reproduction, Growth and Movement in
Plants
Asexual methods of reproduction; Sexual Reproduction -
Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination (Types and
agents); Fertilization; Development of embryo, endosperm, seed and
fruit (including parthenocarpy and apomixis).
Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth
regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination and
movement; Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; Photo- periodism; Vernalisation;
Various types of movements.
Unit : 7
Reproduction and Development in Humans
Male and female reproductive systems; Menstrual cycle; Gamete
production; Fertilisation; Implantation; Embryo development;
Pregnancy and parturition; Birth control and
contraception.
Unit : 8
Ecology and Environment
Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche.
Ecological levels of organization (organism to biosphere);
Characteristics of Species, Population, Biotic Community and
Ecosystem; Succession and Climax.
Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic components; Ecological
pyramids; Food chain and Food web; Energy flow; Major types of
ecosystems including agroecosystem.
Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological
features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert
habitats.
Biodiversity – Meaning, types and conservation strategies
(Biosphere reserves, National parks and
Sanctuaries)
Environmental Issues – Air and Water Pollution (sources and
major pollutants); Global warming and Climate change; Ozonedepletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution; Methods of
pollution control (including an idea of bioremediation);
Deforestation; Extinction of species (Hot
Spots).
Unit : 9
Biology and Human Welfare
Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major
animal diseases and their control. Pathogens of major communicable diseases
of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and
helminths, and their control.
Cancer; AIDS.
Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse;
Basic concepts of immunology.
Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop
improvement.
Biofertilisers (green manure, symbiotic and free-living
nitrogen-fixing microbes, mycorrhizae);
Biopesticides (micro-organisms as biocontrol agents for pests
and pathogens); Bioherbicides;
Microorganisms as pathogens of plant diseases with special
reference to rust and smut of wheat, bacterial leaf blight of rice,
late blight of potato, bean mosaic, and root - knot of
vegetables.
Bioenergy – Hydrocarbon - rich plants as substitute of fossil
fuels.
Unit : 10 Biotechnology and
its Applications
Microbes as ideal system for
biotechnology;
Microbial technology in food processing, industrial
production (alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics), sewage treatment
and energy generation.
Steps in
recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, DNA
insertion by vectors and other methods, regeneration of
recombinants.
Applications of R-DNA technology. In human health
–Production of Insulin,
Vaccines and Growth hormones, Organ transplant, Gene therapy. In Industry – Production of expensive enzymes, strain improvement
to scale up bioprocesses.
In Agriculture – GM crops by transfer of genes for
nitrogen fixation, herbicide-resistance and pest-resistance
including Bt
crops.
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